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, 2003, p. 53); a self-enhancing humor style reflects "a generally humorous outlook on life, a tendency to be frequently amused by the incongruities of life, and to maintain a humorous perspective even in the face of stress or adversity" (p. 53); an aggressive humor style reflects "the use of sarcasm, teasing, ridicule, derision, 'put-down,' or disparagement humor" (p. 54); and a self- defeating humor style reflects,
Martin et al.'s [2003] Humor Styles Ques- tionnaire, developed by Ruch and Heintz [2016]), affiliative (r 1/4 .54) and self-enhancing humor styles (r 1/4 .40) were positively and strongly/moderately (respectively) correlated with their corresponding daily humor beha- viors, whereas aggressive (r 1/4 .25) and self- defeating humor styles (r 1/4 .07) were weakly correlated with their corresponding daily humor behaviors in Germany.
They found that the construct validity of affiliative humor style could be fully supported, but those of self- enhancing and aggressive humor styles received mixed evidence, and that of self- defeating humor style could not be supported.
For example, Sosik (2012) pointed out inconsistencies between Romero and Arendt's (2011) operationalizations of affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self- defeating humor styles in a leader self-report format and conceptualizations of these humor styles at the dyadic and group levels of anal- ysis.
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